adequate penis, prostate, testicles and the rest of the male appara- tus, but he must also have devel- oped the proper neurological cir- cuits such that when, as a sexu- ally mature individual faced with a female in heat (estrus) he will know how to behave - namely to mount, clasp, insert the penis in her vagina and thrust. So both the body and the brain have to develop in a proper male way so that he can carry out his sexual role. And both of these develop- ments are under hormonal con- trol.

It must be remembered that humans are only a sort of super animal. Super because we can do a lot of things that animals can- not do, principally to think and to be self aware, but from the re- productive point of view we are still subject of a deep level to the same instinctive drives and be- haviours as other animals. If a young male fetus is not ade- quately masculinized he may be born as a pseudo hermaphrodite (one who appears to have organs of both sexes but generally does not. True hermaphrodites do but they are exceedingly rare). As a pseudohermaphrodite he may, even though an XY individual, have genitals that look somewhat female. That is, the scrotal sac may not grow together so that it leaves a small opening that a cas- ual and non-medical observer might take to be a rather poorly developed vaginal opening. More- over, the same hormonal imbal- ance that caused this condition (known as a hypospadias) will likely also result in a smaller than normal penis so that it may re- semble a slightly enlarged clitoris Thus the person is declared as a female and begins to be brought up in a feminine gender. If the

error is discovered some years later one way or another, the person is likely to be "converted' from being a girl to being a boy with the appropriate change of clothing and of behaviour.

Now such people might in later life retain some memory of what it was like to have been a "girl" for a time and like to go back and reexperience it. But hardly any TVs that I have met or heard about fall in this cata- gory. But even if the hormonal problems are not as severe as this it must be remembered that what ever pathological changes may re- sult are what might be called "animal" in nature. That is they will have to do with sexual ana- tomy and modifications of adult sexual behaviour. There is no ap- parent relation between changes of this sort and genderal or social behaviour. It must be remember- ed that changes of such hormon- al types occur both in animals and in primitive human societies yet individuals so effected do not develope a yearning to wear, lin- gerie, dresses, heels and lipstick. These are cultural phenomena and so are entirely absent in ani- mals since they don't have a cul- ture and in primitive aborigenes to whom these garments are un- known. It is, however, true that an inadequate defeminization and masculinization of the brain from a reproductive program- ming point of view might well result in a boy who was less than adequately masculine in his in- clinations. He might not like playing rough and tumble sports with the other boys. He might be artistically inclined and more of a loner interested in reading, art, music, etc. It wouldn't so much be that he was feminine as that he was not as masculine as others

We tend to set up a two valued system in this area and think that if you dont rate high on mascu- linity you must necessarily rate high on femininity and vice versa Actually it turns out that in many ways masculinity and fem- ininity are not so much opposites as they are different so that there are actually 4 positions rather than 2. One can be a male high in both masculine and feminine attributes or high on one and low on the other and vice versa or low on both. And naturally the reverse holds for females. In any case it is hard to see how mild hormone variables could lead a young child and even less an ado- lescent or adult man to become a TV and to do what TVs do. Par- ticularly is this true when you consider that most TVs are, in their masculine role, quite ade- quately masculine, as husbands, fathers, business and professional persons, etc. We are not a class of effemininate wimps.

So whats left in the way of causal events? We are left to con- sider those factors at work on human beings from the moment of birth which are not in the main applicable to baby or adult animals. These factors comprise the sociological explanation for TVism and to my mind present a much more reasonable and pro- bable answer to the question. I will grant that the biological ex- planations as outlined above have something in common with the astrological and reincarnational first mentioned in that the "cause" is therefore beyond any- ones control, the individual, the parents and society. And this is always appealing since it seems to make the condition inevitable and unmodifiable and most of all it saves the individual the strain

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